Thursday, February 13, 2020
ACC403 (MoD 2 SLP) Present Value and Capital Budgeting Essay
ACC403 (MoD 2 SLP) Present Value and Capital Budgeting - Essay Example It has been seen from the historical price chart that the price of the stock has been increased gradually in the last two years. From the historical prices it can be assumed that the price of the stock will increase but there are many other factors associated with the assumption. The death of Mr. Steve Jobs, the founder and C.E.O. may create negative impact among the investors. Despite of this negative factor the researcher is expecting that the price of the stocks of Apple will increase based on the historical price and the fact that even after the death of Mr. Jobs the stock price of the company has increased gradually. The stock price of Apple was 339.32 on January 3, 2012 and it was 447.28 on January 3, 2012 (Yahoo Finance, 2012). So the rate of return is 31% where the savings account interest rate of America is less than 1% (Bank of America, 2012). So it would be the right decision to buy the futures of Apple stock instead of investing in the savings account. Every company needs to acquire some new asset or implement some new product for expanding their business. Different types of risks are associated with the company. In this paper the researcher has described the factors associated with a hospital when they are going to acquire new machinery. The hospital is going to buy a GE LogiqBook XP Portable Ultrasound Machine. The cost of the machine is $15,999 (Absolute Medical Equipment, 2011). Purchasing of the machine can be funded from the retained earnings of the hospital. The portable ultrasound machine certainly enhance the portfolio of the hospital as it would help the hospital to acquire more customer, as it is more patient friendly. The cash flow from the investment can be assumed from the past data of the hospital. The researcher has to find out the number of patients in the last month and the last financial year. Based on the data the researcher can assume what would be the number of patient when
Saturday, February 1, 2020
Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4
Interview - Essay Example rengthen the overall fitness and effectiveness of the Armyà ´s workforce, to conserve manpower and enhance the combat readiness of Soldiers.â⬠The difference between the two mission statements is that the Army mission is to ready the soldier for reintroduction to service. The mission and staff are funded by federal funds. When I first walked into the ASAP office on Fort Lewis, it feels like any other building, however, there is a totally different feeling when you walk into Mr. Dobsonââ¬â¢s office. The instant you walk into the room the atmosphere is relaxing. It is spacious and light, with a fountain running in the corner; the room is painted with nice, soothing colors. Mr. Dobson said the army standard counseling sessions are 90 minutes long. He meets with active military and their family, retired military and federal civilian employees. He said the hardest thing about the job is trying to help someone or families that move every two to three years. Sometime they donââ¬â¢t try to get help until right before they leave, this leaves a disconnect between services and the families and military can drop the ball. Mr. Dobson stated the hardest issue for him to discern is to know if a client has issues of drug abuse. The army gives prescription for all kinds of pain. Mr. Dobson stated that he was aware the soldiers go through a lot, so it is hard to determine which drugs are for physical pain and which are used for emotional pain. Mr. Dobson begins with questions about the clientââ¬â¢s family history of drug and alcohol abuse. Were they abused as a child or adult? What kind of culture and society did they grow up in? Are they suffering from trauma that happened while in military service? (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder or sometimes called, PTSD). These all play a big factor in how someone takes medication. This is major issue in the military because of regular drug testing, and the policy one can be dishonorably discharged out of the military for abusing drugs. Mr.
Friday, January 24, 2020
Promotion Of School Violence :: School Violence Essays
I go to gross movies and listen to heavy metal and rap music and I haven't killed anybody, does that make me a potential killer?â⬠These things provoke anger, temper, and crummy attitudes. Gross visuals and music dull sensitivities. They teach the wrong way to handle problems. Make no mistake about this. No matter what defenders of this junk may say, violent movies, video games, and gross music have consequences that include more arguing, hitting, abuse, and other violent behavior; sometimes even killings like happened in Littleton. However, instead of focusing on the real problem, most of the attention has been focused on guns. Yes, these boys used guns. They also made and used bombs. Obviously, kids can't have guns at school. But weak solutions about controlling gun sales would not have stopped these kids from getting guns-or from buying nails, propane and other things they used to make the bombs. These kids broke a dozen laws in doing what they did. Another law or two on the books would not have prevented the massacre in Littleton. Common threads in this and other episodes of school violence have been that the kids have watched lots of violent movies and videos, listened to gross music, and played violent video games. I'm more worried about filling kids minds with gross violence in videos, movies, and video games than I am about guns. I'm also very concerned about the disconnect from parents and the lack of respect for authority. Parents need to take charge. Obviously this needs to be with love, but parents need to be in charge and know what is going on. Other than guns being the quick diagnosis and thing to fix, all this awful violence seems to be a big mystery to so many. This isn't a mystery. There's no mystery about it. If there's no respect and if kids' heads are filled with evil, violence, and sex--which is what has been happening, why is anyone surprised about this horrific behavior? A large part of the responsibility for the violence that happen ed in Littleton must be placed on the producers of increasingly gross and violent movies, music, and video games. When kids go to a movie, watch television, or play video games, they become part of what they see and hear. Soak this stuff in their heads long enough and it becomes a part of the way they think, act, and live.
Thursday, January 16, 2020
Prejudice and Discrimination
Prejudice: The dictionary defines prejudice as an unfair and unreasonable opinion or feeling, especially when formed without enough thought or knowledge. This means that a person may form an opinion on a person or a particular group of people without having any facts or knowledge about that person or group. Prejudice is normally perceived as being bad but there are some instances where prejudice is an aid to survival for example if you see several scruffy men parked in a van in a dark alley, you will form a pre judgment that they must be up to no good so you choose to not walk down the alley. They could simply be movers, but healthy prejudice tells you not to take the chance. Discrimination Direct discrimination is defined as treating one particular group of people less favourably than others because of their race, colour, nationality, or ethnic or national origin, sexual orientation or religious beliefs. There is also positive discrimination in which an individual is allowed to advance themselves because of their gender, race, sexually orientation, age etc. Example if an Asian person is hired simply because they are Asian due to the stereotype that Asians are smart and good students thatââ¬â¢s a positive discrimination. Indirect discrimination is defined as an apparently neutral specification, criteria or practice that would disadvantage people on the grounds of racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation unless the practice can be objectively justified. For example a department store prohibits its employees from wearing hats when serving customers. This rule means that people whose religious beliefs require them to cover their heads, such as Muslim women, are discriminated against and cannot carry out their job. The store is indirectly discriminating against this group of people unless it can demonstrate that there is valid reason. Stereotyping Stereotyping is a generalisation of people, which is usually negative, untrue, and unjustifiable. The term labelling is used when we take look at a person and place a label on them and then place them in a category for example we could label someone gay because they seem camp even though they may not be gay. People stereotype as it helps people to deal with individuals who are different from themselves. It makes people feel safe and in their own mind stereotypes allow them to justify their actions towards people. Stereotypes can become self-fulfilling prophecies if the stereotype is re-enforced enough. For example, girls maybe stereotyped as failing more mathââ¬â¢s exams than boys this will lead to girls failing to try in exams, as they believe that they are expected to fail. Scapegoating Scapegoating is the practice of singling out an individual or group for unmerited negative treatment or blame. The word ââ¬Å"scapegoatâ⬠actually originates from Leviticus 16 in the bible. A goat had all the sins of man placed upon it and it was sent into the wilderness to perish. An example of scapegoating is the Salem Witch Trials. Women were used as scapegoats when the crops were bad or there was a famine and then tried as witches. This was especially the case with midwives, as they would be accused of being in league with Satan if the baby died during birth, which happened frequently due to poor standards of hygiene etc. Part Two Case Study 1 During the first part of the 20th century, deaf people were directly discriminated against due to them being labeled as deaf and dumb. They were prevented from entering mainstream education and were not considered for any high paying jobs. Most deaf children were sent away to deaf schools and some were sent to asylums, even though they were not mentally ill. However, by sending a sane child to an asylum the stereotype of deaf children being mentally ill became a self-fulfilling prophecy as most the children within the asylum did eventually develop some sort of mental illness to help them cope with their surroundings. Children and adults were not separated in asylums and most of the children were sexually abused or witness to sexual acts from a very young age. Society was not kind to deaf children, there was no compassion or understanding and most children did not realize they were deaf because no one took the time to explain to them. Families felt embarrassed and ashamed of their deaf offspring, some families even decided not to have any more children for fear that they too would be deaf. Deaf men were also discriminated against during the First World War as they were deemed unfit for service, however, deaf soldiers would have had a distinct advantage over the soldiers who could hear as they would not get shellshock or distracted as easily by the surrounding noises. Some doctors believed that deafness was cause by a blockage in the ear and others believed it to be a brain dysfunction either way deaf people in asylums were subjected to horrific procedures such as needles being pushed into their eardrums and lobotomies. Deaf children often became strangers within their own families and were often rejected and abandoned this led to low self worth and extreme depression in some cases. As deaf children had no knowledge of language, as it was rarely taught in deaf schools, they developed their own ââ¬Ësign languageââ¬â¢, which differed from school to school. This sign language was not universal and was normally only understood by the children at that particular school. Sexual predators also targeted many deaf people, as they were easy targets due to being sexually ignorant. Some countries saw being deaf as a disease that could be eradicated through means such as selective breeding, deaf girls were systematically sterilised and deaf marriage was not allowed. This made the deaf community feel as if they were outcasts and it denied them their rights to have a normal social or sexual relationship with another individual. However, refuge from the cruel world of the hearing was soon found in what were called ââ¬ËDeaf Clubsââ¬â¢. By 1930, every town had its own deaf club, which hosted regular events and outings for the deaf community. These clubs were normally overseen by powerful clergymen and were charities run by hearing people. While the deaf community saw deaf clubs as a lifeline, they also sought to reinforce the segregation of deaf people from the rest of the world. Silent movies were a place where deaf and hearing could share a common love for theatre, deaf people were made to feel like part of society. However, exclusion would soon become part of the deaf community again with the invention of telephones, radios and televisions. Today there are many acts in place to help deaf people live normal, fulfilling lives within their communities without fear of being ridiculed or committed. 1 Case Study 2 Many men are afraid to tell friends and family that they want to enter nursing as it leads to them being stereotyped as gay because nursing is seen primarily as a female profession. In June 2006, Andrew Moyhing won a landmark case against the NHS for sex discrimination. Mr Moyhing, 29 said, ââ¬Å"I abandoned nursing because I was not allowed to do the job properly in a female-dominated profession. â⬠2 The NHS hospital that Mr Moyhing worked for as a student nurse refused to let him perform intimate medical procedures on women unless accompanied by a female chaperone. An article on nursingtimes. net states that currently male nurses only make up 11% of the female dominated sector and are four times more likely to be sanctioned or face discrimination by the NMC. Chaperone policies are in place in many NHS hospitals but they only relate to male nurses, a female nurse does not require a male chaperone to carry out an intimate procedure on a male patient but a male nurse requires a female chaperone. London NHS Trust did admit that the difference in treatment between male and female nurses was direct discrimination. Mr Moyhing claimed he felt he was being regarded as untrustworthy and a potential abuser of females or that the patient was likely to lie and make false accusations. Jenny Watson, chair of the EOC, said, ââ¬Å"The Employment Appeal Tribunal was right to find that it was not acceptable to have a chaperoning policy based on lazy stereotyping about the risks to patients and assumptions that all men are sexual predators. â⬠4 The EOC said its research showed that one in four schoolboys were interested in caring work but only one in ten nurses were male. 5 Many organisations and websites are now appearing to offer a support system to male nurses whom maybe facing discrimination from their female work colleagues or bosses. Prejudice and Discrimination Prejudice: The dictionary defines prejudice as an unfair and unreasonable opinion or feeling, especially when formed without enough thought or knowledge. This means that a person may form an opinion on a person or a particular group of people without having any facts or knowledge about that person or group. Prejudice is normally perceived as being bad but there are some instances where prejudice is an aid to survival for example if you see several scruffy men parked in a van in a dark alley, you will form a pre judgment that they must be up to no good so you choose to not walk down the alley. They could simply be movers, but healthy prejudice tells you not to take the chance. Discrimination Direct discrimination is defined as treating one particular group of people less favourably than others because of their race, colour, nationality, or ethnic or national origin, sexual orientation or religious beliefs. There is also positive discrimination in which an individual is allowed to advance themselves because of their gender, race, sexually orientation, age etc. Example if an Asian person is hired simply because they are Asian due to the stereotype that Asians are smart and good students thatââ¬â¢s a positive discrimination. Indirect discrimination is defined as an apparently neutral specification, criteria or practice that would disadvantage people on the grounds of racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation unless the practice can be objectively justified. For example a department store prohibits its employees from wearing hats when serving customers. This rule means that people whose religious beliefs require them to cover their heads, such as Muslim women, are discriminated against and cannot carry out their job. The store is indirectly discriminating against this group of people unless it can demonstrate that there is valid reason. Stereotyping Stereotyping is a generalisation of people, which is usually negative, untrue, and unjustifiable. The term labelling is used when we take look at a person and place a label on them and then place them in a category for example we could label someone gay because they seem camp even though they may not be gay. People stereotype as it helps people to deal with individuals who are different from themselves. It makes people feel safe and in their own mind stereotypes allow them to justify their actions towards people. Stereotypes can become self-fulfilling prophecies if the stereotype is re-enforced enough. For example, girls maybe stereotyped as failing more mathââ¬â¢s exams than boys this will lead to girls failing to try in exams, as they believe that they are expected to fail. Scapegoating Scapegoating is the practice of singling out an individual or group for unmerited negative treatment or blame. The word ââ¬Å"scapegoatâ⬠actually originates from Leviticus 16 in the bible. A goat had all the sins of man placed upon it and it was sent into the wilderness to perish. An example of scapegoating is the Salem Witch Trials. Women were used as scapegoats when the crops were bad or there was a famine and then tried as witches. This was especially the case with midwives, as they would be accused of being in league with Satan if the baby died during birth, which happened frequently due to poor standards of hygiene etc. Part Two Case Study 1 During the first part of the 20th century, deaf people were directly discriminated against due to them being labeled as deaf and dumb. They were prevented from entering mainstream education and were not considered for any high paying jobs. Most deaf children were sent away to deaf schools and some were sent to asylums, even though they were not mentally ill. However, by sending a sane child to an asylum the stereotype of deaf children being mentally ill became a self-fulfilling prophecy as most the children within the asylum did eventually develop some sort of mental illness to help them cope with their surroundings. Children and adults were not separated in asylums and most of the children were sexually abused or witness to sexual acts from a very young age. Society was not kind to deaf children, there was no compassion or understanding and most children did not realize they were deaf because no one took the time to explain to them. Families felt embarrassed and ashamed of their deaf offspring, some families even decided not to have any more children for fear that they too would be deaf. Deaf men were also discriminated against during the First World War as they were deemed unfit for service, however, deaf soldiers would have had a distinct advantage over the soldiers who could hear as they would not get shellshock or distracted as easily by the surrounding noises. Some doctors believed that deafness was cause by a blockage in the ear and others believed it to be a brain dysfunction either way deaf people in asylums were subjected to horrific procedures such as needles being pushed into their eardrums and lobotomies. Deaf children often became strangers within their own families and were often rejected and abandoned this led to low self worth and extreme depression in some cases. As deaf children had no knowledge of language, as it was rarely taught in deaf schools, they developed their own ââ¬Ësign languageââ¬â¢, which differed from school to school. This sign language was not universal and was normally only understood by the children at that particular school. Sexual predators also targeted many deaf people, as they were easy targets due to being sexually ignorant. Some countries saw being deaf as a disease that could be eradicated through means such as selective breeding, deaf girls were systematically sterilised and deaf marriage was not allowed. This made the deaf community feel as if they were outcasts and it denied them their rights to have a normal social or sexual relationship with another individual. However, refuge from the cruel world of the hearing was soon found in what were called ââ¬ËDeaf Clubsââ¬â¢. By 1930, every town had its own deaf club, which hosted regular events and outings for the deaf community. These clubs were normally overseen by powerful clergymen and were charities run by hearing people. While the deaf community saw deaf clubs as a lifeline, they also sought to reinforce the segregation of deaf people from the rest of the world. Silent movies were a place where deaf and hearing could share a common love for theatre, deaf people were made to feel like part of society. However, exclusion would soon become part of the deaf community again with the invention of telephones, radios and televisions. Today there are many acts in place to help deaf people live normal, fulfilling lives within their communities without fear of being ridiculed or committed. 1 Case Study 2 Many men are afraid to tell friends and family that they want to enter nursing as it leads to them being stereotyped as gay because nursing is seen primarily as a female profession. In June 2006, Andrew Moyhing won a landmark case against the NHS for sex discrimination. Mr Moyhing, 29 said, ââ¬Å"I abandoned nursing because I was not allowed to do the job properly in a female-dominated profession. â⬠2 The NHS hospital that Mr Moyhing worked for as a student nurse refused to let him perform intimate medical procedures on women unless accompanied by a female chaperone. An article on nursingtimes. net states that currently male nurses only make up 11% of the female dominated sector and are four times more likely to be sanctioned or face discrimination by the NMC. Chaperone policies are in place in many NHS hospitals but they only relate to male nurses, a female nurse does not require a male chaperone to carry out an intimate procedure on a male patient but a male nurse requires a female chaperone. London NHS Trust did admit that the difference in treatment between male and female nurses was direct discrimination. Mr Moyhing claimed he felt he was being regarded as untrustworthy and a potential abuser of females or that the patient was likely to lie and make false accusations. Jenny Watson, chair of the EOC, said, ââ¬Å"The Employment Appeal Tribunal was right to find that it was not acceptable to have a chaperoning policy based on lazy stereotyping about the risks to patients and assumptions that all men are sexual predators. â⬠4 The EOC said its research showed that one in four schoolboys were interested in caring work but only one in ten nurses were male. 5 Many organisations and websites are now appearing to offer a support system to male nurses whom maybe facing discrimination from their female work colleagues or bosses.
Wednesday, January 8, 2020
WGU-community health task 4 - 1400 Words
Community Health of Chesterfield County-Virginia Western Governors University Population/Economic Assessment Chesterfield County, Virginia has a population of about 328,000 as of January 1, 2014 with 752 people per square mile. There was a 3.6% increase in the population from April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2013. 65.4% of the population is white non-Hispanic, 21.6% are black non-Hispanic, 7.2% are Hispanic, 3.2% are Asian and 2.1% are two or more races. In 2012 there were 3657 births and 1654 deaths in Chesterfield County. They are rated as being safer than 50% of the cities in the US with 41 violent and 1049 crimes against property (Crime rates for Chesterfield, VA, n.d.). The average household income for all races inâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Due to the large bodies of water in the county, there is a high risk for drowning. Water quality pollutants in the county come from fertilizers, bacteria from animal feces, sediment from land that are being cleared and stream channel erosion. When the rain falls into farms, parking lots, construction sites, and lawns the water collects pollutants and they get carried to the stream and then eventually end up in the Chesapeake Bay. In 2010 10 out of 15 streams sampled were rated far to poor, E-Coli, dissolved oxygen, fecal coliform, Chlorophyll-A and Polychlorinated Biphenyls were noted in the samples (2013 Natural Resource Indicator Report, 2014). C R Battery Company Inc. and the Defense General Supply Center DLA were found on the national priority list for the most hazardous waste sites identified by the Environment Protection Agency because it is a risk to human and/or the environment (Virginia Superfun d Sites, 2013). A safety hazard for the built community was also assessed in Chesterfield County. Local building codes do effectively address safety issues. There are statewide building safety codes that are enforced by the county for residential construction. Lead exposure could be a hazard in the community due pipes in older homes. Residences are advised to run water for 30 seconds to 2 minutes to cut down on leadShow MoreRelatedHgt1 Community Health Nursing Practicum Wgu Western Governors University816 Words à |à 4 PagesHGT1 Community Health Nursing Practicum WGU Western Governors University http://www.homeworkminutes.com/question/view/52795/HGT1-Community-Health-Nursing-Practicum-WGU-Western-Governors-University DESCRIPTION Introduction: The following are directions to write the narrative description of your field project. It should be written in APA (6th edition) format, appropriately noting in-text citations, references, etc. You may attach as appendices any charts, tables, or other materialsRead MoreCommunity Health Essay4549 Words à |à 19 PagesCommunity Health C229 1 ! ! ! ! ! ! CKA Task 1 Sharon Wiggins Western Governors University ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Community Health C229 ! ! 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The county has 3 cities, 7 villages, and 9 unincorporated areas. The county has 578.54 square miles (Cape Girardeau County Public Health Center, 2015). The county? S population is 78,043 and the average household income is $39,560.00. The
Monday, December 30, 2019
My Experience With A Internship Experience - 913 Words
This internship experience has been an amazing experience! I wouldn t have wanted to spend it under the wing of anyone other than Mrs. Doss. She has so many wonderful teaching abilities and has ashared so many wonderful experiences with me that I am sure anyone would be thankful for. I am grateful for each and every opportunity that has been given to me during this experience. I have learned so many great things this semester it is hard to really sit and think of them all. If I had to pick a few I would say the most important factor would be to be flexible. You are always going to have things that come up that is going to cause your plans to be pushed back or not go as planned. As a teacher you have to be ready for anything and everything, always have a plan B in your back pocket to use. Another thing that I feel I have learned that is important for any intern to know is to plan, plan, plan! Always be prepared, because if you are not it is going to show in your daily work and the students will know it. They can tell when you prepared and when you are not so take the time and plan your day out. You will be so thankful that you did. I have also learned that it is important to collaborate and get to know your fellow teachers and administrators. Befriending someone is the easiest way to begin to feel comfortable in a new area. Once you feel comfortable with on e another you can then feel comfortable to start collaborating with one another. Collaboration is key when working in aShow MoreRelatedMy Experience At The Internship1178 Words à |à 5 Pagessummarize this wonderful experience I had over the summer. This internship has equipped me with skills that will be useful for a lifetime. My experience is summarized in the following categories: Choice of experience: After hearing about this experience from one of my professor in a class during my freshmen year, I knew this was something I would love doing. And soon after, I was part of the student fellowship colloquium that then leads up to the Internship. This experience gave me an opportunityRead MoreMy Experience At This Internship1561 Words à |à 7 PagesAt this internship, I was able to learn many lessons. Those lessons can be applied to any field, but also give me a competitive edge when applying for jobs in the Venture Capital industry. Many of the lessons I have learned were through hearing the stories of other people who have succeeded in the industry, and give me knowledge of what to expect the next few years of my life. Knowing that others are having the same issues as me, and indecision about which field they want to pursue is comfortingRead MoreMy Experience With My Hospital Internship937 Words à |à 4 PagesMy hospital internship has significantly affected my growth as a person because it opened my eyes to what the medical field truly is. When I started my internship at Staten Island University Hospital I was sixteen years old. I didnââ¬â¢t really know what I wanted to do I life. I knew that I wanted to be someone who could help others. The first day of my internship I was really scarred I didnââ¬â¢t know what tasks I would be assigned but that didnââ¬â¢t stop me from being excited. When I arrived at the hospitalRead MoreMy Internship And My Pre Internship Classroom Experience1428 Words à |à 6 Pages During both my internship and my pre-internship classroom experience, I have had students with suspected Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). 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Sunday, December 22, 2019
Critically analyse how the government debt problems initially faced by
Essays on Critically analyse how the government debt problems initially faced by a few relatively small economies could trigger such a wide impact in financial markets Essay The Government Debt Problems Initially Faced by a Few Relatively Small Economies Could Trigger Such a Wide Impact on Bond Markets Introduction The bond market plays a critically important role in the stability of the financial market. For example, a well developed bond market reduces the dependability of private business on banksââ¬â¢ credit. This in turn contributes to pushing the financial market for strengthening the system. Also, the well developed bond market increases ways for diversified securitisation (Sokoler, n.d.). Government is also highly concerned with the development of the bond market to finance its budgetary requirement. As a matter of fact, such government debt raised through the bond market is considered as the backbone of the economy. Therefore, problems in the government debt also have a wider impact on the bond market on the whole. Impacts on Bond Markets Government raises debt by issuing bonds. Different economies have different target markets for attracting bond buyers. Small economies are faced with limited local options; therefore, most of the debt is internationally financed by advanced economies and the international organizations such as IMF etc. For example, the size of the public debt and the budget deficits of USA swelled from 62% of GDP in 2007 to 93.6% in 2010. Similarly, Japan reported the swelling up to 199.7% (2010) as compared to 167% (2007) (Lourtie, 2011). This piling up of debt was due to its national debt. Single economy and cross banking were identified as important reasons of the spread of crises. It also brought to limelight the impact of deficiencies in the regulatory framework (IBDE, 2012). The debt crises of the relatively small economies have wide negative impact on the large number of economies. IMF and other European countries have supported smaller economics to sustain in difficult situations as these economics were facing different challenges to survive from being default. This in turn spread the impact from the few economies to the other countries. The concerns rose as the big economies have already increased their debt levels as a result of the nationalization of the private sector debt, the stimulus plan and the reduced income from tax etc. As evidence, the steep growth of the debt in the G7 economies is depicted in the given below graph: (Nelson, 2013) Members of the European Monetary Union (EMU) facilitate the loan guarantee to each other; this has brought the overall creditworthiness of the Euro zone at stake. The pressure is mounted mainly from the fact that there is currently no international bankruptcy court present. The absence of an international bankruptcy court could pressurize the defaulting economies to surrender assets to the debtor. This has ultimately increased the pressure on the lending economies and organization to facilitate the debt restructuring etc (Nelson, 2013). For example, the OECD report states that the solution to the government debt crises can be in the form of the debt burden sharing between the lender and the borrower (Wehinger, 2011). The other reason is also important to understand that government debts are not backed by any collateral instead are based on faith. Therefore, the lenders economies are then strangled to ensure the recovery by other measures such as restructuring or even forgiving. These risks result in inflated bond spreads (IBDE, 2012). The government debt problems of the small economies also create the yield disruption in the other economies. The positive trend of the yield curve and the maturity also turn reverse in the crises situation of the borrowing economies. In contrast to the positive relationship, the yield curve spread, and the maturity turns negative once the credit worthiness or the sovereign rating of the debt issuer worsens. For example, -800b.p. of spread was reported for Greece during the economic and debt crises. Similarly, it was ââ¬â 30b.p. for Italy (Wehinger, 2011). This implies the negative perception of the investors of bonds. Another dimension from which the debt crises of a country spread across is through the banksââ¬â¢ lending strategy. According to the Arteta and Hale (2008), the sovereign debt crises restrict the foreign banksââ¬â¢ lending to the private firms. This strategy continues even after the restructuring of the debt. Bofondi, Carpinelli, and Sette (2012) have noted that during the debt crisis in Italy, the lending by the local banks to private firms increased as compared to the lending by foreign banks. This is particularly in the case when the government bond market is under constant tension. Despite above mentioned concerns, some economists held view that bond markets of advanced economies such as USA are less risky. This presumption is due to the fact USA has a traceable history of making repayments of debt. Also, the spread offered on bonds reduces the vulnerability of USA in the view of the investors (Nelson, 2013). On the other hand, taking advantage of the interconnected that spread the crisis, the solution is also being attempted to be derived from same. Establishment of the shared Euro-bond is the development towards the solution with one objective of debt servicing of the economies under crises. However, the implementation of the structural reforms is conditioned along side. It will also contribute in regaining the confidence on the bond market such as UK has reduced the rates at the historic low levels and these factors have played important in regaining the investorsââ¬â¢ confidence (IBDE, 2012). Conclusion The sovereign debt crises of the relatively smaller countries have spread across the world. Moreover, among different financial markets to receive impact, the impact on the bond market is also notable. The matter spread not only due to the relative size of the economies. Instead, the spread is mainly due to the interconnectedness of the wider number of countries. The unified economy of the Eurozone developed the chain through which the impact spread. Moreover, the deficiency on the part of the regulatory systems has complimented the issue. Another factor that contributed towards the spread of the crises was the pressure developing from other dimension such as the stock market and private banking lending etc. Nevertheless, with improvement in the regulation, the recommendations for the recovery are expected to overall support the mechanism. References Arteta, C., Hale, G. (2008). Sovereign debt crises and credit to the private sector.à Journal of International Economics,à vol. 74, no. 1, pp. 53-69. Bofondi, M., Carpinelli, L., Sette, E. (2012). Credit supply during a sovereign crisis.à Bank of Italy mimeo. Available from http://www.tilburguniversity.edu/upload/ca5ed4c4-edae-457c-9fae-fa2d3ff1c6ca_sette.pdf [Accessed March 4, 2014] IBDE. (2012). Sovereign Debt Crisis And Its Impact On World Markets. Available from http://www.ibde.org/attachments/IBDE%20Report%20on%20the%20Sovereign%20Debt%20Crisis%2031-06-2012.pdf [Accessed March 4, 2014] Lourtie, P. (2011). Understanding Portugal in the Context of the Euro Crisis. Peterson Institute for International Economics, Available from http://www.iie.com/publications/papers/lourtie20110913.pdf [Accessed March 4, 2014] Nelson, R. (2013). Sovereign Debt in Advanced Economies: Overview and Issues for Congress. CRS Report for Congress, Available from http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41838.pdf [Accessed March 4, 2014] Popov, A., and Van Horen, N. (2013). The impact of sovereign debt exposure on bank lending: Evidence from the European debt crisis. DNB Working Paper, Available from http://www.dnb.nl/en/binaries/Working%20Paper%20382_tcm47-293531.PDF [Accessed March 4, 2014] Sokoler, M. (n.d.). The importance of a well developed bond market - an Israeli perspective. BIS, Available from http://www.bis.org/publ/bppdf/bispap11k.pdf [Accessed March 4, 2014] Wehinger, G. (2011). Sovereign Debt Challenges for Banking Systems and Bond Markets.à OECD Journal: Financial Market Trends,à vol. 2010, no. 2.
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